Leveraging Bioprocessing Strategies to Achieve the Simultaneous Extraction of Full-Fat Chickpea Flour Macronutrients and Enhance Protein and Carbohydrate Functionality

Abstract The concurrent extraction of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates can be achieved by aqueous enzymatic processes, circumventing the low extractability mechanical pressing use flammable solvents. alkaline protease, preceded or not carbohydrase pretreatments, was evaluated on oil, protein, from full-fat chickpea flour protein functionality. Enzymatic increased oil 49.8 to 72.0–77.1% 62.8 83.5–86.1%, respectively. Although pretreatments before addition protease did increase extractability, carbohydrate content extracts 7.68 9.17?9.33 mg/mL, accompanied release new oligosaccharides in extracts, as revealed LC–MS/MS characterization. yielded proteins with significantly higher solubility (25.6 vs. 68.2–73.6%) digestibility (83.8 90.79–94.67%). Treatment ?-galactosidase completely removed flatulence-causing (stachyose raffinose). This study highlights effectiveness environmentally friendly bioprocessing strategies maximize lipid, oligosaccharide improvements vitro digestibility, reduction flatulence related oligosaccharides, generation a more diverse pool for subsequent prebiotic evaluation. Graphical abstract